Inhlupeko, alongside the other massive jazz hit of the era, Winston
Mankunku's Yakhal'Inkomo, sums up the South African jazz sound and mood
of the late 1960s, its bluesy inflections heralding a more hard-bop feel
of music in the decade to come. Defiantly modern, and seeking
inspiration from the "black heroes" of John Coltrane, Dexter Gordon,
Elvin Jones, Ron Carter, Johnny Hodges and Lockjaw Davis, this album
envisioned what a new South Africa might sound like.
Tete Mbambisa composed four of the six tracks on the album. Of the two
others, the title track is the work of tenorman Duku Makasi. The other
track is a standard, Love for Sale, also frequently covered by Makasi’s
contemporary, the equally important Winston ‘Mankunku’ Ngozi. Pianist
Mbambisa’s memories reveal a great deal about the environment in which
the progressive black players of the era worked. The album, recorded at
the EMI Studios in Johannesburg – “they had the best sound at that
time,” recalls Mbambisa – was the brainchild of two important jazz
organisers of the era: Ray Thabakgolo Nkwe in Johannesburg and Monde
Sikutshwa in Port Elizabeth (PE).
“Ray and Monde talked about doing an album with Duke and some other
Eastern Cape musicians. After a while, they called me up from East
London to do the arrangements. People know that’s my gift: from the time
I was involved in vocal groups I have had an ear for arranging. Apart
from Inhlupeko, Duke’s tune, I selected the tunes. We were all
travelling at the time, doing shows, but there were long rehearsals for
this material. We’d play, and discuss, and then go off to a shebeen –
and carry on discussing the music. A lot of thinking went into it. I’d
say probably about a month. I was travelling with the musicians in a
kombi – it was supposed to be a jazz tour with Mankunku too, but he had
another gig with Chris Schilder (Ibrahim Khalil Shihab) in Rustenburg,
so in a way it became a launch for the Inhlupeko material.”
In fact, Mankunku was launching his second album as leader, Spring.
Music writers at the time made much of the fact that the title track of
that album was ‘stolen’ from the melody of Inhlupeko (and Makasi used to
joke with Ngozi about it) but Mbambisa feels that something different
was going on. “It was that Trane style. We were all in the same kind of
place musically at that time.” South African jazz players felt a strong
affinity with John Coltrane, who had died only a couple of years
earlier. The expressive mastery of his playing and the soulful,
spiritual searching of his mood served as both revelation and
inspiration. It was the search for that Coltrane feel that guided
Mbambisa’s final choice of players.
The acknowledged affinity in creative approach –in the words of
trumpeter Johnny Mekoa: “these were our black heroes…and the music
sounded a bit like our mbaqanga here” – fed, rather than stifled
originality. In the music they created, South Africans always started
from what another trumpeter from an earlier era, the late Banzi Bangani,
called “that thing that was ours”, not only in musical idioms, but also
in history and experience.
As scholar Robin Kelley has noted, both urban Africans and urban
Americans were consciously crafting “modern” music – and in South
Africa’s case, it was a modernism deliberately and defiantly set in
opposition to the narrow, backwards-looking parochialism of apartheid,
where some white universities did not even permit gender-mixed dancing
until the 1970s. The sophisticated, snappily-dressed black players of
South Africa’s cities in the 1960s were not trying to ‘be like’ America;
rather, they were enacting in their performance, and reaching through
their horns for what a new South Africa might sound like. Coltrane’s
searching voice was a natural lodestone, for as Kelley has also
observed: “the most powerful map of the New World is in the
imagination.”
The studio session that laid down the tracks was far from the original
liner note fable of a spontaneous blow over a bottle. As well as the
extensive rehearsal that had preceded it, it carried its own stresses.
“In those days,” Mbambisa recalls, “they used to tell you all the time
how much they were paying for an hour in the studio. So they give you
pressure: ‘Come on guys! This is costing me!” However, thanks to that
extensive preparation, the pressure wasn’t too much of a problem.
Mbambisa has always disliked an overworked feel on his recordings:
“that’s why my albums catch that live feel, even from the studio.” That
was particularly important for this session. The quality he was looking
for was, he says, “connectedness. If you can’t be connected, forget it.
So I told them: Hey, guys, let’s try and do these in one take only or
we’ll lose the feel.” He says that none of the tracks used more than two
takes, and most were completed in one.
But the hurried, penny-pinching recording was also reflected in the way
the album was presented. Makasi’s name is inconsistently presented as
‘Duke’ and “Duku’ in different places. Even the title, Inhlupeko,
appears in that form (the isiZulu spelling) on the cover and notes, but
‘Intlupheko’ (the isiXhosa form) on the disc label, suggesting a hasty
process. The word itself can be translated as ‘distress’, but like many
African-language words with their multiple poetic resonances, also as
‘inconvenience’, ‘trouble’, ‘poverty’ and more. For the artists it had
all those resonances – to whose more political implications Nkwe would
certainly not have wished to draw attention in his translation. The
players were not told about the planned cover images, nor, as Mbambisa’s
story confirms, were they sent copies of the LP. There was no
advertising and no formal launch, and Mbambisa recalls that Sikutshwa
also received no communication about the release. The LP was clearly
pressed in a fairly small run, for when Mbambisa tried to buy his own
copy, he could not immediately find it in any shops.
The image conveyed by the cover also fitted well with other cultural
currents of the era. The 1960s and 1970s were dominated by apartheid’s
re-tribalisation project: a propaganda push to both the majority
population and the world that black South Africans (even those whose
families had been city-dwellers for decades) were essentially simple,
rural people with no place in the cities and no capacity for
sophisticated culture. Official patronage was given to neo-traditional
sounds, particularly via the State broadcaster, the SABC, split into
narrow, tribally based stations, the purity of whose musical contents
must be verified by apartheid ‘experts’. In this context, state censors
would certainly smile more kindly on an album whose images placed a
syncretic music like jazz in a more disreputable corner.
Tracklist
| A1 |
Inhlupeko |
10:33
|
| A2 |
Relaxin' |
08:08
|
| A3 |
Mr Mecca |
06:33
|
| B1 |
How Old Is The World |
08:45
|
| B2 |
Love For Sale |
09:56
|
| B3 |
Dollar The Great |
04:05 |
