Originally published @ musicinafrica.net,
written by Fred Zindi
1950s and 60s
In the early 1950s, as the cities of Salisbury (now Harare) and
Bulawayo became industrialised, an influx of Zimbabweans came from the
rural areas to look for jobs in these cities. Among these people was a
new generation - the first Zimbabwean musicians to record their music.
Since there were no established recording studios at the time, early
recordings were done by a mobile van from the Rhodesian Broadcasting
Corporation (RBC), which used a one-track tape recorder and a
microphone. The recorded music was used mainly for the African Service
radio broadcasts in a bid to entertain the black majority. The RBC van
went round the country to record talented musicians, who were paid one
cent each time their song was played on radio.
As there were no record pressing plants at the time in Zimbabwe (then
known as Rhodesia), most people could only afford to either listen to
the radio or buy records from South Africa or other countries to play on
their gramophones. Around 1956, the tide of South African records as
well as records from Europe and the USA began to rise in Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwean musicians began to emulate the sounds from these records and
were frustrated that they could not record their own music.
Before the 1960s, most of the music recorded in Zimbabwe was for
archival purposes rather than commercial. In the late 1960s, several
companies began to record commercial radio jingles, television programme
themes and pieces of popular music. A company called Commercial Radio
and Television (CRT) saw the need to have recording equipment in the
country and soon acquired the country’s first disc-cutting machine. This
gave them the impetus to start recording local pop bands. Later, in the
early 1970s, CRT folded and another company, Music Recording Services
(MRS) brought in the first 4-track studio, which recorded an all-white
group called Holly Black (Zindi, 1985).
At the same time, contact was made with Brunswick Gramophone House in
South Africa, which had been set up by Eric Gallo to distribute records
from the US-based Brunswick Records in South Africa. However, noticing
the lack of recording facilities in Zimbabwe, Gallo decided to extend
his recording facility to Bulawayo - first by providing a cheap studio
that would only record demo tapes, which would later be completed and
mixed in South Africa. Around the same time, Teal Record Company, a
subsidiary label of EMI Records, was also established in Salisbury.
The early recordings of these companies were not very successful
because the market was dominated by South African and Western records.
Zimbabweans had been conditioned to like music coming from outside the
country. Bands that did record within the country, such as the King
Messengers’ Quartet, received a poor reception as the ‘now-westernized’
Zimbabweans were not interested in buying them.
1970s
In the late 1960s, Gallo decided to send West Nkosi, a leading South
African producer, to record some Zimbabwean musicians. Success began to
knock on Gallo’s Zimbabwe door.
Soon another company, Advertising Promotions Limited (APL), imported
an 8-track recording system, which was used extensively by Teal and
Gallo, the two recording companies now established in the country, for
their local recording artists. The cutting of lacquers still had to be
done in South Africa until 1975, when CRT sold its disc-cutting machine
to Teal Records. In the same year, a further eight-track recording and
mixing console was imported into the country. This was installed at
Blackberry Studios, which concentrated mainly on radio programmes. This
equipment was later moved to Shed Studios, which started recording local
musicians on behalf of Teal Records.
By the late 1970s, hits from local musicians began to trickle in.
Gallo scored its major success with a band that had been around for
quite some time, The Green Arrows. The album
Chipo Chiroorwa
sold in large quantities. Other groups such as The Great Sounds also
sold large quantities with hits such as ‘Anopenga Ane Waya’.
Teal Record Company, Gallo’s rival, wanted the same commercial
success. They found it inevitable (against the then government’s wishes)
to put revolutionary songs on record. They took a chance with the album
“Hokoyo” by Thomas Mapfumo in 1979. It paid off.
1980s and 90s
In 1980, Teal bought shares in Shed Studios and changed its name from
Teal to Gramma Records. More equipment was bought and the studio became
a 16-track facility. Two years later, it was transformed to a 24-track
facility using two-inch tape spools for recording. The studio was later
re-named Mosi-Oa-Tunya after some of the directors, including Steve
Roskilly, pulled out of Gramma Records. Roskilly kept the original name.
When they became overwhelmed by musicians, the two companies headed by
John Grant and Tony Rivett decided to merge. Thus Gallo became Zimbabwe
Music Corporation and Teal became Gramma Records. Later, in the late
1990s, another player, Metro Studios, entered the recording scene.
As the industry became more organized, and with the merger of Gramma
Records and Zimbabwe Music Corporation, studio engineers and producers
became necessary. These were recruited among musicians of the time.
Most of those who became producers started off as studio engineers.
That was designed to give them ample time to study and understand the
recording equipment they were using. Engineers who eventually became
producers included Henry Peters, Peter Muparutsa, David Scobie, Hilton
Mambo, Brian Rusike and Alois Muyaruka. At Shed Studios the main
producer was Steve Roskilly, while at Gramma Records and Zimbabwe Music
Corporation, Chrispen Matema, A.K. Mapfumo, Tymon Mabaleka and Bothwell
Nyamhondera became the main producers. Metro Studios employed ex-Harare
Mambo bassist, Clancy Mbirimi, as its producer.
Current Challenges
With the arrival of compact discs (CDs) to replace vinyl records,
this new technology brought with it many challenges for established
record companies. Internet ubiquity allowed music fans to download and
share music freely. This changed the game drastically. This reality
spawned a new danger as new players came onto the scene since it was now
easy to set up a recording studio that could burn CDs. This led to the
establishment of independent labels, which saw many musicians deserting
their record companies at the expiry of their contracts. The record
companies saw this as an encroachment by other industry players onto
their turf. This situation was made worse by the economic meltdown in
the country between 2004 and 2008. Anthony Hagelthorn, who had acted as
managing director of the merged Zimbabwe Music Corporation (ZMC) and
Gramma Records, threw the towel in and left the industry altogether.
Elias Musakwa, a musician-cum-businessman and politician, took over and
merged the two companies with his own Ngaavongwe Records.
New players that came on the scene as a result of this new
technological development included Corner Studios, Diamond Studios,
Gospel Train Studios, Monolio Studios, Mac Dee’s Studio and several
others.
Although the technology had made it easier for musicians to become
independent, there was another threat, brought about by piracy. The
pirates found it easier to reproduce and sell recorded music that did
not belong to them. Musicians who were accustomed to receiving royalties
for their recordings could not stomach the advent of music piracy that
came with the digital revolution since this affected their income. Gondo
(2012) describes this phenomenon as follows: “The ubiquity of low
priced pirated CDs and DVDs on the Zimbabwean streets is the new gorilla
that is eating the artist’s lunch.”
As a response to these technological developments, in October 2011
the Zimbabwe Association of Recording Industries (ZARI) introduced a
“budget CD and DVD” (Vhori, 2012). The music industry touts the
product’s authenticity and high quality for the same price of the
pirated products, which are of variable quality. When it comes to
distribution, ZARI contends the budget CDs and DVDs will be available to
all music retailers and market traders, as well as main Zimpost
offices. However, Gondo (2012) argues that while these outlets certainly
make sense, they are not sufficient because the pervasiveness of
pirated CD/DVD vendors on every pavement and intersection surely is far
more convenient for consumers. ZARI is essentially trying to replace the
pirate. As great as this move to embrace digital is, it will not solve
the revenue loss from CD/DVDs. Historically, the prices of original CDs
have been much higher than the standard $1/unit pirate price.
The migration to a standard/fixed price model in the music business
is not unique to Zimbabwe. It is also found in East Africa, the United
Kingdom and the USA. Apple pioneered the model through its iTunes store.
iTunes introduced a 99c/song price for any and every song in its store.
Gondo (2012) contends that though this price was agreed to by the music
industry (basically the major US labels: Warner Music, Universal, Sony
and EMI), it represented more of a ceasefire than a truce in the digital
music wars.
Looking ahead, one can safely say that performing, touring,
merchandising, sponsorship, royalties and other commercial tie-ins are
the new reality in the music business. The heavy reliance on recorded
music through CD sales is over.
Originally published @ musicinafrica.net,
written by Fred Zindi