Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images
The musician Manu Dibango, who has died aged 86 after being treated
for Covid-19, covered a vast spectrum of styles, from traditional
African roots music to jazz, soul, Afrobeat, reggae, gospel, French
chanson, Congolese rumba, salsa and solo piano. Most importantly,
Dibango was a founding father of funk.
In 1972 he made his mark with the hit Soul Makossa.
As soon as it was released, as the B-side of a tribute to the Cameroon
football team, there were at least five different cover versions in the
American charts. The use of the refrain “mama-say, mama-sa, ma-makossa”,
on Michael Jackson’s Wanna Be Starting Something, from his 1982 album Thriller, earned Dibango substantial compensation two decades later.
Dibango was an unmistakable figure, with shaved head, shades, a
benign grin and a deep, reverberating laugh. The instantly recognisable
tone of his music was always swinging, melodic and invigorating.
Although best known as a saxophonist, Dibango was also a consummate
keyboard and vibraphone player and a great arranger, who could get the
best from a quartet or a 28-piece orchestra.
As he once said: “What is special is that Africa
has a long historical relationship with sound, and a communion between
sound and the visual stronger than in any other culture. The sound
carries the rhythm and the movement creates the images. The way an
African moves compared with the environment is different from the
western conception.”
Emmanuel Dibango was born in Douala, in French-administered Cameroon.
His father was a high-ranking civil servant, his mother a fashion designer,
and both parents were devout Protestants who disapproved of secular
music. Manu received encouragement from the musical director of his
church choir, and surreptitiously broadened his musical perspective with
a bamboo flute and a home-made guitar. In 1944, he was in the school
choir for the state visit of General Charles de Gaulle to Cameroon.
During the second world war, West Africa provided many reluctant
recruits to the allied forces and Dibango would recall helping to cut
loose the ropes binding “volunteers” press-ganged into the French army.
One of them was an uncle of his.
In 1949 his parents sent him to France
to study and, as an incentive, promised to pay for music lessons. He
arrived on a steamer to take up his education at Saint-Calais in the
region of Sarthe. The only black child in this small country town, he
got on well with his schoolmates, who remembered him bringing the first
bananas they had ever seen. For his part, he found snow exotic and tried
to post some home in an envelope.
He was adopted by the community and settled quickly into the French
way of life, but his individuality, his cultural roots and, possibly,
memories of the “volunteers”, prevented him from accepting the complete
national identity expected by his host country. Due to his parents
having different ethnic backgrounds, he was never satisfied with an
imposed identity. He was unhappy to be classified as an African
musician, preferring to be considered as an artist, and an African.
Considered too old to take up the violin, his preferred instrument,
he studied classical piano for four years. His fellow students included Francis Bebey,
who would become a novelist and musicologist, with whom Dibango played
classical and jazz pieces, although for student dances they became a
blues band.
While he was on holiday in 1953, a friend lent him a saxophone and
Dibango took to the instrument, enrolling for two years of private
tuition. After doing the rounds of French jazz clubs, he moved to
Belgium, where his soulful style attracted the owner of the Bantou club.
Within months Dibango had been signed up by Joseph Kabasele, the
founding father of modern Congolese music, whose band, African Jazz,
spearheaded a musical revolution in Africa. In Brussels he also met his
future wife Marie-Josee (known as Coco), whom he married in 1957.
In 1959 Kabasele recorded the pan-African anthem Independence Cha Cha
Cha and invited Dibango to the Congolese capital, Léopoldville (now
Kinshasa), to work with him. They made many hit records for the Ngoma
label in the prevailing rumba style. Dibango also ran a recording band
called African Soul in which he played the organ on his own
interpretations of American music. He managed a nightclub, the Tam Tam,
but despite financial success, he and Coco experienced racism, so they
moved to Abidjan in Ivory Coast.
After a period as leader of the Ivoirian national broadcast
orchestra, Dibango realised that the creative “miracle” he thought he
was observing in Africa had turned into a mirage, and he returned to
France.
In the late 1960s and early 70s he recorded film soundtracks - including that of Ousmane Sembène’s celebrated feature, Ceddo (1976) - incidental background music and commercials, and singles for the African market.
In 1972 he joined the Congo rumba combo Ry-Co Jazz
for a tour of Algeria, along with the guitarist Jerry Malekani, who
thereafter became his permanent accompanist. Following the death of the
US tenor sax supremo King Curtis in 1974, Dibango released a tribute
single which identified the American as a major influence on his
technique. He then recorded two albums for Chris Blackwell’s Island
label, including the instrumental Big Blow (1976).
In 1982 Dibango worked on a masterful triple album, Fleurs Musicales
du Cameroun, which gathered contemporary and traditional musicians from
the various ethnic groups of Cameroon.
In the same year he toured France with the American jazz trumpeter Don Cherry,
exploring everything from soul to Malian folk music and Thelonious
Monk. Soon after, he was blowing ice-cold funk on his album Electric
Africa (1985), which featured Herbie Hancock, and the hit single Abele Dance. He collaborated with a long list of top class performers: Hugh Masekela, Fela Kuti,
Tony Allen, Fania All Stars, Ray Lema, Bill Laswell, Sly and Robbie,
Ladysmith Black Mambazo and many up and coming Cameroonians.
In 1984 he joined more than a dozen artistes on the fundraising
single Tam Tam Pour l’Ethiopie, released indignantly in response to Band
Aid, which many Africans considered condescending. Dibango’s 1994 album
Wakafrika featured King Sunny Adé, Peter Gabriel, Salif Keita, Papa Wemba and Youssou N’Dour.
In 1967 he was bandleader on Pulsations, the first black music
programme on French TV, and in the early 1990s he hosted his own
prime-time French TV show, Salut Manu. In 1998 his achievements were
celebrated by the rural community where he grew up, with the naming of a
cultural centre after him. He reciprocated by donating the saxophone he
had used on Soul Makossa.
In later years he was an ambassador for Unicef, received several
honours from African countries and in 2010 was made a Chevalier of the
Légion d’honneur. He was still working last year, on tour with Symphonic
Safari, blending jazz with classical music.
In the UK his frequent concert appearances included a 2008 Africa Day
show in Trafalgar Square, but the most satisfying for him were the
regular bookings at Ronnie Scott’s club, where he enjoyed being
recognised as a “jazz man”.
Coco died in 1995. He is survived by his daughters, Georgia and Anya and son, Michel.
Originally published at theguardian.com
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